English to Polish Medical Psychology neuropsychology

Pozwolę sobie zacytować kontekst z sieci, bo wyjaśnia więcej niż to, co mam w tekście.

http://www.medico-legalsociety.org.uk/articles/effort_testin...

Effort testing or symptom validity testing is now standard practice in the field of neuropsychology (Iverson 2006), the specialised branch developed by psychologists who work with patients who have had a brain injury or other brain disease. Testing for impaired memory or other cognitive impairment is not recommended without also using objective tests to rule out invalid test data, resulting from poor effort or deliberate exaggeration of cognitive deficits (Iverson 2006, Bush et al 2005). Without effort testing, even expert clinicians are unable to determine reliably whether the apparent cognitive deficits suggested by test scores are valid or invalid. One popular form of effort test is a test of memory and concentration, which looks difficult, but is, in fact, known to be easy from previous administration to many control subjects. The Medical Symptom Validity Test (MSVT, Green, 2004) is of this type and it was designed for use by physicians. It consists of the presentation on computer of ten simple word pairs (e.g. tennis–ball) and then computerised testing of various aspects of memory for the word pairs. The tests include recognition of one of the original words, when paired with a new word shortly after list presentation (immediate recognition, IR) and after a ten minute delay (delayed recognition, DR). One subtest involves stating the second word from each pair when given the first word (paired associate recall, PA) and the most difficult subtest involves recalling all words from the list when asked to do so (free recall, FR). These subtests differ from each other considerably in their objective difficulty. Someone making a good effort will score well on the subtests which are, in fact, easy (even though they may look hard) and they will score lower on the more difficult subtests. Someone making an inconsistent or poor effort, by contrast, may score low on tests which are actually very easy and may fail to score as low as expected on more difficult tests. At the end of the test, the person is asked whether they made a full effort on the test they just completed and their response (yes or no) is recorded by the computer. If scores on the MSVT indicate an inconsistent or poor effort but the patient says they have made a full effort, then this indicates that their self-report of the effort put into the test is inaccurate. It suggests possible exaggeration of symptoms of cognitive difficulty, and by extension, of other symptoms.